# Style Guide ## JCWS Style Guide ***Contents:*** [*Acronyms, Abbreviations & Initials* ](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#acronyms)[*Names of Places*](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#NamesofPlaces)*[ ](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#book)[Words & Phrases](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#WordsandPhrases)* *[Book Reviews](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#BookReviews)[ ](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#book)[Coding](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Coding)* *[Issues](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Issues)* [*Italics & Quote Marks*](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Italics) *[Lists](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Lists)* *[Numbers](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Numbers)* *[Punctuation](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#punctuation)* *[Quotations](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Quotations)* *[Pronouns](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Pronouns)* *[Running Feet & Heads](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#RunningFeet)* *[Spelling](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Spelling)* *[Footnotes](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Footnote)* [*Book--Single-Author*](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#BookSingle) *[Book--Two or Three Authors](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#BookTwo)* *[Book--More Than Three Authors](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#BookMore)* *[Book--Editor](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#BookEditor)* *[Book--Volume](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#BookVolume)* *[Book--Part of Series](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#BookPart)* *[Contribution to Book](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#ContributiontoBook)* *[Document in Book with Identified Editor, subsequent mention](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#DocBookWithIdentified)* *[Document in Book without Identified Editor, subsequent mention](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#DocBookWithoutIdentifiedEditor)* *[CD-ROM](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#CDRom)* *[Journal Article](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#JournalArticle)* *[Newspaper Article](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#NewspaperArticle)* *[Television Program Episode--on Videotape or DVD](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#TelevisionProgramEpisode)* *[Working or Occasional Papers](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#WorkingOccasional)* *[Thesis or Dissertation](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#ThesisorDiss)* *[Other Unpublished Papers](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#OtherUnpublishedPapers)* *[Interview or Personal Communication ](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Interview)* *[Published Document](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#PublishedDocument)* [*Legislative Proceedings*](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#Legislative) *[Archival Material](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#ArchivalMaterial)* *[Material quoted in another source](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#MaterialQuoted)* **Acronyms, Abbreviations & Initials** AAN, Archiwum Akt Nowych AAUW, American Association of University Women ABM, antiballistic missile ABV, *Allgemeine Bibellehr-Vereinigung* ACC, Allied Control Commission ACDA, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ADRK, Arkhiv Donets’koho (straikovoho) robitnichoho komitetu AdSD, Archiv der Sozialen Demokratie ADUOPR, Archiwum Delegatury Urz;e,du Ochrony Pa;nastwa w Rzeszowie AEC, Atomic Energy Commission AFCENT, Allied Forces, Central Europe AFP, Alliance for Progress AGF, Arkhiv Gorbachev-Fonda AIOC, Anglo-Iranian Oil Consortium/Company AKRK, Arkhiv Krasnodons’koho robitnichoho komitetu ALP, Albanian Labor Party AMRE-B, Brazilian Foreign Ministry Archives, (*Arquivo do Minist;eario das Rela;c,ðes Exteriores)*, \[the \_ should be an edh\] AMVR, Arkhiv Ministerstva na Vunshnite raboti, Sofia ANF, Atlantic Nuclear Force ANI, Intelligence and Information Department (*Abteilung Nachrichten und Information*) ANM, Armenian National Movement APRF, Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii Arch. KC PZPR, Archiwum Komitetu Centralnego Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Rabotniczej Arch. OUP, Archiwum Urz;a,du Ochrony Pa;nastwa ASALA, Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia ASAT, anti-satellite ASKI, Archives of Contemporary Social History, Athens AVPRF, Arkhiv Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii AWAC, Airborne Warning and Control System BAOR, British Army on the Rhine BDJ, League of German Youth BIB, Board for International Broadcasting BKP, *Bulgarska Komunisticheska Partiya*—Bulgarian Communist Party BMA-F, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, Freiburg BMEWS, Ballistic Missile Early Warning System BND, \[West German foreign intelligence service\] CAP, Common Agricultural Policy CAT, Conventional Arms Transfer \[talks\] CAW, Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe CC, Central Committee CCF, Congress for Cultural Freedom CCF, Committee for Cultural Freedom CCP, Chinese Communist Party CCRAK, Combined Command Reconnaissance Activities, Korea CDU, Christian Democratic Union \[W.Germany\] CEEC, Committee for European Economic Cooperation CFE, Conventional Forces in Europe CFM, Council of Foreign Ministers CGT, Conf;eaderation G;ean;earale du Travail ch., chs. CIA, Central Intelligence Agency CIAA, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs CINC, commander in chief CINCPAC, Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command CJTFs, Combined Joint Task Forces CLN, National Liberation Committee \[Italy\], *also* Northern CLN CMEA, Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COINTELPRO, Counter Intelligence Program \[FBI\] Cong., Congress CORE, Congress on Racial Equality CPA, Communist Party of Australia CPGB, Communist Party of Great Britain CPLP, (Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa) CPPCC, Chinese People’s Consultative Conference (PCC before 1949) CPSU, Soviet Communist Party CPUSA, Communist Party of the USA CPV, Chinese People’s Volunteers CPY, Communist Party of Yugoslavia CR, Cultural Revolution CSCE, Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe CSIS, Canadian Security Intelligence Service CUF, Companhia União Fabril CWIHP, Cold War International History Project DBD, Demokratische Bauernpartei Deutschlands DC, Christian Democrats \[Italy\] DD/P, Directorate of Plans \[CIA\] DE, damage expectancy DGPN, *Direction G;ean;earale de la Police Nationale* \[Directorate General for the National Police, France\] DGSE, *Direction G;ean;earale de la S;eacurit;ea Ext;earieure* \[French foreign intelligence service\] DDRS, Declassified Documents Reference System DGZ, Desired Ground Zero DEW, Defense Early Warning DoD, Department of Defense DPRK, North Korea DRE, *Directorio Revolucionario Estudiantil* (Student Revolutionary Directorate) \[Cuba\] DRV, Democratic Republic of Vietnam DS, State Security \[Bulgaria\] DSE, Democratic Army of Greece DST, *Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire* \[internal security service, France\] DVdI, German Central Administration of the Interior (*Deutsche Verwaltung des Innern*) EAC, European Advisory Commission EAK \[Evreiskii Antifashistskii Komitet\] EAM, emergency action message EAM, National Liberation Front \[Greece\] ECA, Economic Cooperation Administration ECSC, European Coal and Steel Community EDC, European Defense Community EDES, National Republican Greek League EEC, European Economic Community EFTA, European Free Trade Area ELAS, National People’s Liberation Army \[Greece\] ENI, Italian State Oil Industry ERP, European Recovery Program ESDI, European Security and Defense Initiative EU, European Union EUCOM, European Command \[U.S. military\] EURATOM, European Atomic Energy Agency et al. FAd’H, *Forces Armeés d’Haïti* FARL, *Fractions Arm;eaes R;eavolutionnaires Libanaises* FAS, Federation of American Scientists FCDA, Federal Civil Defense Administration FDJ, *Freie Deutsche Jungend*—SED youth organization FDP, Free Democratic Party (W. Germany) FNLA, National Front for the Liberation of Angola FNSEA, *Fédération Nationale des Syndicats d’Exploitants Agricoles* FOA, Foreign Operations Administration FRG, Federal Republic of Germany \[West Germany\] FPM, Frontul Popular din Moldova (Popular Front of Moldova) FSLN, Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional FTA, free trade area GARF, Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii GATT, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCHQ, U.K. Government Communications Headquarters Gd’H, *Garde d’Haïti* GDR, German Democratic Republic \[East Germany\] GKChP, State Committee for the State of Emergency GKO, State Committee for Defense \[USSR\] GLCM, ground-launched cruise missile GNP, gross national product GNR, government of national reconciliation GRU, Main Intelligence Directorate of the Soviet General Staff GSOVG, Group of Soviet Occupation Forces \[East Germany\] GSP, General Strike Plan HICOG, U.S. High Commissioner for Germany HPCWS, Harvard Project on Cold War Studies, the Harvard project HSWP, Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party HUAC, House Un-American Activities Committee IB, Intelligence Bureau \[India\] Ibid., ibid. \[no ital; change in style per MK ICC, International Control Commission \[set up to monitor 1954 Geneva Accords\] ICBM, intercontinental ballistic missile IEMSS, Institute of the Economy of the World Socialist System IHFHR, International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights IMEMO, Institute of World Economy and International Relations \[USSR\] INF, intermediate range nuclear force IPN, *Instytut Pami;e,ci Narodowej* (Institute of National Remembrance) IPPNW, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War IR, international relations, IRBM, intermediate range ballistic missile IRD, Information Research Department \[UK\] ISKRAN, Institute for the U.S. and Canadian Studies \[USSR\] JAC, Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee JACK, Joint Advisory Commission Korea JAEIC, U.S. Joint Atomic Energy Intelligence Committee JCS, Joint Chiefs of Staff JSTPS, Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff KGB, Soviet Committee on State Security KgU, Fighting Group Against Inhumanity KKE, Greek Communist Party KLO, Korean Liaison Office KMT, Kuomintang KPD, Communist Party of Germany (*Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands)* KS;Cv, *Komunistická strana ;Cveskoslovenska*—Czechoslovak Communist Party KVP, *Kasernierte Volkspolizei*—paramilitary troops KWP, Korean Workers’ Party LCC, Launch Control Center LDPD, Liberal Democratic Party of Germany LGU, Leningrad State University LiCP, Lithuanian Communist Party LOPM, *Leitende Organe der Parteien und der Massenorganisationen* LTBT, Limited Test Ban Treaty LVA, Latvijas Valsts Arh;i-vs LVOA, Lietuvos Visuomenes Organizaciju Archyvas LWV, League of Women Voters LYA, Lietuvos Ypatingasis Archyvas MAD, mutual assured destruction MAKNA, Mongol Ardyn Khuvsgalt Namyn Arkhiv MBFR, mutual and balanced force reductions MDP, *Magyar Dolgozók Pártja*—Hungarian Workers’ Party MEDO, Middle East Defence Organisation MGB, Soviet Ministry of State Security MGU, Moscow State University MI5, British Security Service MI6, British Secret Intelligence Service MIRV, multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles MLF, Multilateral Force MLNF, multilateral nuclear force MOMA, Museum of Modern Art MPAJA, Malayan Peoples’ Anti-Japanese Army MPLA, Movement for the Liberation of Angola MPRP, Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party MSA, Mutual Security Agency MSI, Movimento Sociale Italiano MSS, Ministry of State Security MSW, Ministry of Internal Affairs \[Poland\] MV, Ministry of Interior (*Ministerstva vnitra*) \[Czech Republic\] MVD, Soviet Internal Affairs Ministry n., nn. (footnote/s) NA, National Archives and Records Administration NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAP, nonaggression pact NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCFE, National Committee for a Free Europe NCW, National Council of Women n.d. (for no date in a source) NDAC, Nuclear Defense Affairs Committee \[NATO\] NDP, National Defense Party \[Iceland\] NDPD, National Democratic Party of Germany NFBPWC, National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs NEACC, Near East Arms Coordinating Committee NEACP, National Emergency Airborne Command Post NEP, New Economic Plan NGA, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency \[formerly NIMA\] NIE, National Intelligence Estimate NKAO, Nakorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast NIMA, National Imagery and Mapping Agency \[became NGA in 2003\] NIOC, National Iranian Oil Company NKVD, People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs NLF, National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam NMCC, National Military Command Center NPC, National People’s Congress \[China\] NPG, Nuclear Planning Group NPIC, National Photographic Interpretation Center NPT, nuclear non-proliferation treaty NORAD, North American Aerospace Defense Command NRO, National Reconnaissance Office NSA, National Security Administration NSArchive, National Security Archive NSAM, National Security Action Memorandum NSC, National Security Council NSDAP, National Socialist German Workers’ Party NSDD, National Security Decision Directive NSSM, National Security Study Memorandum NSTAP, National Strategic Targeting and Attack Policy NSTL, National Strategic Target List NUWEP, Nuclear Weapons Employment Policy NVDA, National Volunteer Defense Army \[Tibet\] OAS, Organization of Andean States OBZ, Military Defense Intelligence Agency (*Vojenské obranné zpravodajství*) OCB, Operations Coordinating Board OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development \[was OEEC\] OEEC, Organization for European Economic Cooperation \[became OECD\] OKW, German High Command \[WW II\] OPC, Office of Policy Coordination OSP, U.S. Overseas Procurement OSS, Office of Strategic Services OSTK, United Council of Work Collectives \[Slavic Transnistrian org.\] PACOM, Pacific Command \[U.S. military\] PA/AA, Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes \[Berlin\] PAIGC, *Partido Africano de Independência da Guiné e do Cabo Verde* PCI, Italian Communist Party PCC, *Partito Comunista Combattente* PCC, Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC after 1949) \[China\] PCC, Political Consultative Committee \[Warsaw Pact\] PCF, Parti Communiste Fran;c,ais French Communist Party PCG, Planning Coordination Group \[USA\] PfP, Partnership for Peace PHP, Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact PKI, Indonesian Communist Party PLA, People’s Liberation Army \[China\] PMFTU, Pan-Malayan Federation of Trade Unions PPS, Policy Planning Staff PR&DC, Polar Research and Development Corps PRK, People’s Republic of Kampuchea PRO, Public Records Office \[London, UK\] PRRI, Permesta rebellion \[Indonesia\] PS, Parti Socialiste PSB, Psychological Strategy Board PSDI, Social Democratic Party \[Italy\] PSI, Italian Socialist Party PTB, *Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro* \[Brazillian Workers Party\] PUWP, Polish United Workers’ Party PZPR, Partia Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza, Polish United Workers’ Party, 4/4 \[note: PUWP and PZPR refer to same party\] QMV, qualified majority voting RCMP, Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCSC, Representative Conference of all Social Circles \[China\] RDJTF, Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force RFE, Radio Free Europe RGANI, Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Noveishei Istorii RGASPI, Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial’no-Politicheskoi Istorii RL, Radio Liberty ROK, South Korea RO/RO, roll-on/roll-off \[ship\] RSFSR, Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic SAC, Strategic Air Command SACEUR, Supreme Allied Command, Europe SADS, Soviet-American Disarmament Study group SALT, Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty SAPMO-BA, Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv SARP, Strategic Aircrew Recovery Program SB, Security Service \[Poland\] SBZ, Soviet Occupation Zone of Germany SCSA, Sak’art’velos C’entraluri Saxelmcip’o Ark’ivi SDI, Strategic Defense Initiative SEAGA, Selective Employment of Air and Ground Alert SED, *Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands*—Socialist Unity Party \[East Germany\] sess., session SF, Special Forces SFG, Special Forces Group SHAPE, Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers in Europe SIGINT, signals intelligence SIL, Society for Individual Liberty SIOP, Single Integrated Operational Plan SIS, Secret Intelligence Service \[UK\] Sitsum, Situation Summary SKKG, Soviet Control Commission \[Germany\] SLBM, submarine-launched ballistic missile SOE, Special Operations Executive \[UK\] SPD, Social Democratic Party \[W.Ger.\] SSS, Special Service Staff \[U.S. IRS 1969–1973\] START, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty \[“START treaty” is redundant\] Stasi, *Staatssicherheit* —State Security Ministry \[East Germany\] StB, State Security *(Státní bezpe;cvnost)* \[Czechoslovakia\] SVAG, Soviet Military Administration in Germany SVKG, Soviet High Commission \[Germany\] SVR, Russian Foreign Intelligence Service SWAPO, South West Africa People’s Organization TADP, Toronto Anti-Draft Program TCC, Temporary Council Committee \[NATO\] TsEMI, Central Economic-Mathematical Institute TUC, Trades Union Council \[UK\] UDF, French Democratic Union UfG, Investigative Committee of Free Jurists UHS, Ukrainian Helsinki Union \[later became the Ukrainian Republican Party\] UK (adj) \[use United Kingdom in running text; note lack of periods—change in style per MK\] UN (adj) \[use United Nations in running text; note lack of periods—change in style per MK\] UNITA, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UOP, *Urz;a,d Ochrony Pa;nastwa* \[Bureau for Protection of the State; Poland\] U.S.A. \[use United Sates in running text\], U.S. (adj) USCINCEUR, Commander-in-Chief of U.S. Forces, Europe USIA, United States Information Agency USSR UZSI, Czech Intelligence Service (*Ústav zahrani;cvních styk;uo a informací*) VFC, Volunteer Freedom Corps VKP, All-Union Communist Party VKP(b), All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) VOP-Ednist’, *Vseukrains’ka orhanizatsiya pratsi-“Ednist’,”* (All-Ukrainian Labor Organization-“Unity”) VOS, Union of Victims of Stalinism VOST, All-Ukrainian Association of Labor Solidarity VPK, Voenno-Promyshlennaya Komissiya—Military-Industrial Commission VWP, Vietnam Workers Party WEI, Western Enterprises, Inc. WEU, Western European Union WFTU, World Federation of Trade Unions WIDF, Women’s International Democratic Federation WOMAN, World Organization of Mothers of All Nations WRL, War Resisters’ League WSEG/IDA, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group/Institute for Defense Analyses YAF, Young Americans for Freedom ZOB II, Land Security Section (*Zemsk;ya* *odbor bezpe;cvností)* \[Czechoslovak int serv\] ZS/GS, Military Intelligence of the General Staff(*Zpravodajská slu;zvba* *Generálního ;svtábu*) \[Czechoslovakia\] ZUZ, Land Central Intelligence (*Zemská ust;rvedná zpravodajska*) \[formerly ZOB II\] - Spell out term at first mention in article text, with acronym following in parens. OK to use acronym alone from then on. - No need to spell out common acronyms. - Spell out state and country names in text; use abbreviations in “tight matter”—that is, tables, figures, and footnotes. - Common abbreviations (“dept.”) and scholarly abbreviations (“e.g.,” “i.e.”) are OK in parens and tight matter; do not use in text. - Space between initials in personal names. \[changed 2/3\] [back to top](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top) **Names of Places** > Akademgorodok > Babi Yar > Belarus, Belarusan \[but Belorussia/n when referring to Soviet republic\] > Belovezhskaya Pushcha \[*or* Forest\] \[Belarus\] > Chukhotsk peninsula > Congo Brazzaville \[no hyphen; Republic of Congo\] > Dharamsala > Dien Bien Phu > Erevan > Guomindang > Krasnoyarsk > Kurile Islands > Kuzbass (Kuznetskii Basin) > Lachin corridor > Nagorno-Karabakh > Netherlands, the > Northern Tier > Oder-Neisse line > Phnom Penh > Pozna;na \[Poland\] > Pridnestrov’e (use Transnistria) > Pskov \[Russia\] > Pyongyang > Stepanakert > subcontinent \[e.g., Indian subcontinent\] > Sumgait > Tbilisi > Tehran > Transcaucasus > Transnistria (Pridnestrov’e in Russian) > Trieste > United Kingdom (n), U.K. (adj) > United Nations (n), U.N. (adj) > United States (n), U.S. (adj) > USSR (n) > Washington, D.C. \[in text\] > Xibaipo \[China\] > Yangtze River > Yaroslavl \[Russia\] > [back to top](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top) **Words and Phrases** a \[not an\] historical abstract expressionism ad hoc \[no ital\] *administrations:* Truman administration, the administration adviser Agreement for the Defense of Greenland \[1941\] Aircraft names: Separate letters and numbers with a hyphen when the numbers follow. No division when numbers precede letters: B-1 bomber, 747-400ER, E-3A, MiG-21, Su-27, Il-28, Tu-95 air-defense (adj) air strike (n) Allies, the (for WW I & II); also: the Allied bombing Allied Control Council al Qaeda American Israel Public Affairs Committee *anti- compounds* are generally hyphenated \[Change to style requested by MK, 11/7/03\], *but* antitrust, antiwar *Anschluss* \[ital\] Antiballistic Missile Treaty apparat, apparatchik \[no ital\] appendix I Arctic Circle; *but* arctic region (etc.) arms control (adj) \[strategic arms control negotiations\] arms race (adj, n) arms reduction (adj); Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty Assembleé Nationale \[French National Assembly\] Azerbaijan/i, Azeris Baghdad Pact balance of power (n), balance-of-power (adj) Belovezhskaya Pushcha \[*or* Forest\] accords Berlin crisis Berlin Wall best-known *Bezbozhnik* (The Godless) \[Soviet journal\] *Bezbozhnik u stanka* (The Godless at the Work-Bench) \[Soviet journal\] *bi- compounds* are generally closed: bipolarity Bizone Bolshevik, Bolshevization Bosnia and Hercegovina (*Bosna i Hercegovina*) Brezhnev Doctrine Bricker Amendment of 1953 bridge-building \[always hyphenated per MK\] build-down Camp David accords capitalism case study (adj) casus belli \[no ital\] Catholic Church center left Central State Archive of Historical-Political Documents of St. Petersburg (formerly the Leningrad Party Archive) Centre des Archives d’Outre Mer \[in Aix-en-Provence, France\] *centro-sinistra* “Chekist” \[quotes on first use\] Chelyabinsk-65 \[now Mayak Chemical Combine\] Chemical Weapons Treaty Ch’ôndogyo, Ch’ônwudang \[NK political parties\] civil-affairs (adj) civil defense (adj) civil-rights (adj) *co- compounds* are generally closed: coexistence, *but* co-opt Cold War (n, adj) Cominform Comintern \[Communist International\] Command-and-control (adj) commander-in-chief (n) Communism, Communization Communist era Congress (n), congressional (adj.) Conservative (when referring to British political party) constitution \[lc, except U.S.\] Conventional Arms Transfer Talks (CAT Talks) *counter- compounds* are generally closed: counterinsurgency, countermeasures, counterterrorism coup de grâce \[no ital\] coup d’état \[no ital\] coup de théâtre \[no ital\] criteria (plural) Cuban missile crisis Cultural Revolution \[China\] “Daniloff affair” \[quotes on first use\] Dashnak party \[Armenian nationalist party\] data (plural) de facto \[no ital\] delink *demokratizatsiya* \[ital\] Department of State, State Department, the department détente deutsche mark(s) *Dimokratikos Stratos* \[journal of the DSE\] East, the East-Central Europe, East-Central European Eastern bloc (n); East-bloc (adj) Eastern Europe, East European Editor-in-chief Editorial Board \[of JCWS\] Eestimaa Rahvarinne \[Estonian freedom movmt.\] Efremov Scientific Research Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus \[near Leningrad\] “empty chair” crisis Elysée Treaty (1963) en bloc \[no ital\] en masse \[no ital\] en passant \[no ital\] en route (adj) *ethno- compounds* are generally closed: ethnofederalism, ethnonationalism, ethnographic Eurocommunist Euromissile crisis \[1983–1984\] ExComm (Executive Committee – abbreviated this way only when referring to the ad-hoc body formed by President Kennedy during the Cuban missile crisis) ex post \[no ital\] eye to eye (adv) fait accompli \[no ital\] Far East, Middle East, Near East fascist (n, adj); BUT the Fascists \[referring to political party in Europe\] fighter-interceptor (n) first-hand (adj), firsthand (adv.) Five, the Five-Year Plan *force de frappe* foreign policy (adj) Fouchet Plan “Four Marshals’ Study Group” \[in quotes on first use\] Four Powers Frelinghuysen-Zavala treaty game-theoretical model Gang of Four glasnost \[no ital\] gift giving \[n, no hyphen\] Gilpatric Committee on Nuclear Proliferation Good Neighbor policy Government agencies and departments: capitalize titles: Chinese Foreign Ministry *grandeur* \[ital when French term called for\] Great Helmsman \[nickname for Mao Zedong\] Great Leap Forward great-power (adj), great powers (n) Group of Seven gulag Gulf of Tonkin incident *half- compounds:* half century (n) Hallstein Commission Hapsburg hardline, hardliner \[note: no longer hyphenated; change in style per MK\] herculean \[lc\] High Command \[e.g., Soviet High Command\] high-level human-rights (adj) Holy Synod \[of Russian Orthodox Church\] Il-28 \[Soviet-made bomber\] Imperial \[cap when referring to form of government\] Informburo INF Treaty *Innenpolitik* *institutchiki* *intelligentsiya* *inter- compounds* are generally closed: interimperialist, interethnic *Interdvizhenie “Unitatea-Edinstvo”,* Internationalist Movement for Unity (Moldova) interest group (adj) intermediate-range AND Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty international relations (adj) *intra- compounds* are generally closed: intrabloc Iran-contra scandal “Iron Curtain” speech \[Churchill, 1946\] Italian Advisory Council Joint Chiefs of Staff *Journal of Cold War Studies*, the journal *juche* \[N. Korean concept meaning “self-reliance”\] K-5 \[preceded Stasi\] “kitchen debate” Korean War *korenizatsiya* Kremlin, the Krunk \[Armenian pressure group\] kulak \[no ital\] Kuomintang (KMT), later Guomindang Labour (stet British spelling and cap when referring to British political party) Lao Dong \[Vietnamese Communist Party\] Latvijas Tautas Fronte \[Latvian popular front\] League of the Militant Godless *Legion d’Honneur* Lend-Lease Act *Lietuvos laisv;e.s lyga* \[Lithuanian Freedom League\] Limited Test Ban Treaty “Long Telegram” \[Kennan, 1946\] long-time, long-standing, long-awaited mainland China *-maker compounds* \[consult MK\]*:* decision-maker; policymaker \[style changed per MK\] *-making compounds* \[consult MK\]: decision-making (n, adj); foreign policymaking (adj; note en dash); peacemaking (n, adj), policymaking (n, adj) \[style changed per MK, 11/7/03\], warmaking (n, adj) Manhattan Project Mannerheim Line Marshall Plan Mayak Chemical Combine \[formerly Chelyabinsk-65\] member-state memoranda “McMahon Line,” *Miatsum* (Unification) movement \[Armenia\] Mideast MiG-21 \[etc.\] *military forces:* capitalize full names or when referring to U.S. forces—U.S. Army, In the United States, the Army . . ., 1/1 \[style changed per MK\] Ministry of Defence (UK) \[note spelling of Defence\] *Minjudang* (NK Democratic Party) missile-defense (adj) Molotov-von Ribbentropp Pact *mono- compounds* are generally closed: monodimensional, monomaniacal, monolithic Morgenthau Plan Moscow Conference \[October 1943\] Most Favored Nation \[adj\] *multi- compounds* are generally closed: multiarchival, multicausal, multiparty, multivariate, multilingual naive Narkomindel (Soviet People’s Commissariat on Foreign Affairs) National Archives and Records Administration \[NARA, U.S. archival agency\] The National Archives of the United Kingdom (NAUK or TNA) National Intelligence Estimate national-security (ad) National Security Archive nation building *neo- compounds* are generally closed: neoliberalism, neorealism Neo-Atlanticism, Neo-Atlanticist New Look doctrine New Course new thinking \[n\], new-thinking \[adj\] *nomenklatura* *non- compounds* are generally hyphenated \[style changed per MK, 11/7/03\], non-believer, non-Communist, non-nuclear but noncommittal nonentity, nonplussed, nonproliferation Northern Tier Novocherkassk protest *novoe myshlenie* \[new thinking\] nuclear disarmament \[adj\] nuclear test ban \[adj\] nuclear war-fighting nuclear weapons \[adj\] *oblast* \[but Nakorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast\] Occupying Powers \[WWII\] on-line (adv and adj) *-oriented compounds* are hyphenated before noun, open after: problem-oriented focus, focus was problem oriented *Ostpolitik* *Panchsheel* (Five Principles) Paris Conference \[1946\] Party \[cap. following political group: Communist Party, Liberal Party, etc.; but “Soviet party officials,” etc.\] Partito d’Azione Patriarch Pimen, etc. \[cap. for head of Russian Orthodox Church\] peacemaking (n, adj) perestroika \[no ital\] Pet;o”fi Circle Peyrefitte Memorandum “ping-pong diplomacy” \[lc, quotes on first use\] “pluricontinentalism” \[quotes on first use\] Point Four program policymaker, policymaking Politburo (Soviet), 1/1; Politbüro (SED) *political parties:* cap Party—Communist Party, Labour Party, Tudeh Party political science (adj) political-warfare (adj) politico-military *post- compounds* are generally closed: postmodernist, postwar, *but* post-revisionism, post-Stalin, post–Cold War \[en dash\] post–World War II \[end dash\] Potemkinism, Potemkin strategy Potsdam Conference power-hungry power projection capability Prague Spring \[1968\] *pre- compounds* are generally closed: predetermine, *but* pre–World War II \[en dash\] prima facie \[no ital\] Presidium \[of the USSR Council of Ministers *or* CPSU Presidium\] primary source \[adj\] *pro- compounds* (in the sense of “supporting”) are hyphenated: pro-nationalization, pro-Western \[per MK, 11/24/03, all pro- compounds should be hyphenated\] public-policy (adj) public relations (adj) putsch/ist \[no ital\] Quai d’Orsay quasi-colonial rational-choice approach, 2/3; *but* rational choice theory *re- compounds* are generally closed: rearm, reassessment, reevaluation; *but* re-legalize, re-send, re-create Reagan Doctrine Realpolitik \[no ital\] Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 Rectification Campaign \[China, 1942–1944\] Red Army Red-baiting *Rizospastis* \[Greek Communist newspaper\] Rowman & Littlefield \[not *Rowan*\] Rukh (shortened form of *Narodnyi Rukh Ukrainy za perebudovu,* or Popular Movement of Ukraine for Perestroika) Russian Orthodox Church Russian State Archive of Social-Political History (Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsialno-Politicheskoi Istorii, formerly the Central Party Archive of the Institute for Marxism-Leninism) Russophile \[uc\] S;a,j;u-dis (Lithuanian Movement for Reconstruction) SALT II treaty samizdat \[no ital\] “satellization,” *seasons* are not capped \[except in footnotes to identify issue\] second-in-command Second World War, 1/1; also World War II secret-service (adj) Secret Speech \[Khruschev speech denouncing Stalin, 1956\] Security Council Resolution 242 \[etc.\], Resolution 242 Sejm \[Polish legislature\] *semi- compounds* are generally hyphenated: semi-regulated \[change in style per MK\] “Seventeen-Point Agreement” \[quotes on first use\], *official title:* Agreement of the Central People’s Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet \[23 May 1951\] SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers, Europe) shoot-down (n) side by side (adv) Simla convention sine qua non \[no ital\] Sino-Indian (adj) Sino-Soviet (adj) Six-Day Mideast War Six, the *slogans* are c/lc, enclosed in quote marks social-contract (adj) sociopolitical *Soldatensender Calais* Solidarity, *Solidarno;sa;ca* Sovietologist Sovinformburo Special National Intelligence Estimate, SNIE \[note caps\] *speeches—informal names:* “Carter Doctrine” speech *spetsoperatsiya* \[special operation\] State Archive of the Russian Federation (Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii, formerly the Central State Archive of the October Revolution and Socialist Construction) strategic choice theory *sub-* *compounds* are generally closed: subfield *subbotniki* submarine classes (e.g., Alfa, Hotel, Ohio): Alfa-class submarines sui generis \[no ital\] superpower; “superpowerdom,” Supreme People’s Assembly (NK) table 1 takeover Third World (n, adj) *titles:* Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, Foreign Minister Molotov; President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the president; chief of staff. Exceptions: General Secretary, First Secretary, Secretary (of the Central Committee). *togliattismo* Tonkin Gulf Resolution \[1964\] Tonton Macoutes (Haitian Secret Police) top secret (adj), \[per *Webster’s*\] Treaty of Ghent Trizone Tsarist (cap when referring to form of government) UK U.S. USSR *uskorenie* \[acceleration\] Varkiza Agreement \[1945\] union-republic vis-à-vis \[no ital\] Voluntaires de la Sécurité Nationale (Haitian militia) Warsaw Pact Washington, DC weapons-grade \[adj\] website *Weltpolitik* West, the Western \[pertaining to the Western world\], 1/1; but western in the sense of direction and genre Western Europe, West European Westerner Winter War worldview world-system theory World War II; also Second World War zero-sumism. [back to top ](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top) **Book Reviews** Book information follows this format: Author or editor (ed.), *title,* 2nd ed. City: publisher, year. xx, XXX pp. $XX.XX. \[If two prices given: $45.00 cloth, $21.95 paper.\] Place page references to reviewed book in parens. All references should be worked into text (never use footnotes). \[per MK, 11/7/03\] **Coding** CP = Copyright VH/RH = Verso head/Recto head ST = Section Title (e.g., Survey Article, Review Essay, Responses; but not Book Review) EPI, EPI/AU = Epigram/ Epigram Author AT/AST = Article Title/Article Subtitle A/B/C = Heading levels T/T1 = Text with indent/Text without indent (first par of article, first par after head, continuing par after extract) EQ = Extract NL/UNL/BL = Numbered List/Unnumbered List/Bulleted List TT/TC/TN = table title/table content/table note (use for source too) REF = Reference **Isssues** Number 1: Winter \[January\] Number 2: Spring \[April\] Number 3: Summer \[July\] Number 4: Fall \[September\] **Italics & Quote Marks** Italics are OK for emphasis (sparingly); book, journal, movie titles; TV and radio series titles; names of ships and spacecraft; words as words; uncommon foreign terms (not found in MW10). Italicize punctuation following word or passage in italics. Italicize braces around fully italic text. Quote marks are used for nonstandard words or ironical usage (sparingly); article titles; titles of individual TV and radio shows in a series. **Lists** Do not offset as a block quote (with numbers, letters, etc.) unless doing so clarifies matters. \[per MK, 11/7/03\] **Numbers** Spell out one to twenty (but 12-year-old, 15-megaton, etc.), plus any of these with hundred, thousand, million, etc., except in long list (but 1,000-word document). Always spell out million. Spell out all numbers beginning a sentence (and if a sentence starts with a year, render it as “The year 1956 witnessed a great deal . . .”) Spell out all ordinal numbers through “hundredth.” Spell out and hyphenate common fractions in text: three-quarters. Examples: 1,744 \[note comma\], ten thousand, 2 million, 5 billion centuries: nineteenth century (n), mid-nineteenth century (n), nineteenth-century (adj) dates: 5 March 1946, the 5th, March 1947, the 1920s, the mid-1940s, 1939–1940 \[en dash\], “from 1987 to 1991” OR “from 1987 through 1991” NOT “from 1987–1991” and NOT “between 1987 and 1991” percentages: 4.7 percent, 6.5 to 10.1 percent, 10-percent (adj) **Punctuation** Use series comma. Comma before conjunction only when conjunction separates two independent clauses. Em and en dashes set tight. Capitalize a complete sentence following a colon. Comma before Jr. (Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.) Set ital. or bold following word or passage in italics or bold **Quotations** Quotations of fewer than 40 words are run into text. Ellipsis points are spaced. Use three dots for deletion within a sentence (space before and after each dot); four for deletion between complete sentences (space before and after last three dots). No ellipsis at beginning or end of quote. In book reviews, page numbers for quotations go at end of sentence, outside quote marks, and before period: “Blah blah” (p. 10). With extracts, page numbers follow period: Blah blah. (p. 10) Italics: “Blah blah blah \[emphasis added\] or \[emphasis in original\].” **Pronouns** Antecedents must always come before pronouns (e.g., “When Kennedy was here, he met with the ambassador” NOT “When he was here, Kennedy met with the ambassador”); exceptions can occur for some possessives (e.g., “For his next trick, the magician pulled out a deck of cards”). **Running Feet & Heads** First page: Journal of Cold War Studies \[line break\] Vol. 1, No. 1, Winter 1999, pp. 00–00 \[line break\] © 1999 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Verso: Last name(s) Recto: Article Title \[abbreviated as needed, no subtitle\] [back to top](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top) **Spelling** Spelling per *Webster’s Tenth,* unless noted otherwise. Prefixes set tight, unless noted otherwise. Possessives of singular nouns formed with apostrophe + *s,* unless noted otherwise: Dulles’s, Gaddis’s Jones’s; **only exception**: for convenience’ sake. **Footnotes** Footnote numbers (superscripts) should be placed at the end of the sentence or clause. They follow all punctuation except a dash, go outside parentheses, and belong at the end of extracts. If there is more than one source in a single note, separate with semicolons and use “and” before last reference. Use “et al.” when there are more than three authors (e.g., “Smith et al.”). The state or country should be added in the following instances: after “Cambridge,” “Princeton,” and “Stanford.” And the state or country should be added after any city that is not well known. Also: Manchester, New Brunswick, Garden Falls, Graz Dates appear with month in full in the day-month-year format: 1 January 1998; seasons are capped. Use all digits with inclusive page numbers. Use “n.d.” (for no date with a source)—not “nd” Use “n.pub.” for “no publisher; use “n.p.” for “no place” \[of publication\] Use “ch.” and “chs.” for “chapter” and “chapters.” Use “Doc.” and “Docs.” for “Document” and “Documents. Use “ibid.” (with a period, no ital.) only if preceding note has only one source. For subsequent mention, use short cites. Include a short title. Do not use “op cit.” or “supra. Use “U.S. Government Printing Office,” not “GPO.” Newspaper titles that begin with "The" are given in full (The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, The Boston Globe), whereas newspaper titles that don't begin with "The" obviously don't have it (e.g., Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle). \[Note: this is contra Chicago.\] Use Washington, DC *not* Washington to avoid confusion with the state. Generally use up style: 4th Ed., Vol. 2, No. 12, Box 10, Folder 14, Op. 5, Doc. 5A. Exceptions: ch. 3, p. 2, pt. 5. [back to top](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top) **Book--Single-Author** John Lewis Gaddis, *Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy* (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 354. Gaddis, *Strategies of Containment,* p. 357. **Book--Two or Three Authors** Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, *Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev* (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 159–164 **Book--More Than Three Authors** Stavro Skendi et al., *Albania* (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1956), pp. 85–86. **Book--Editor** Richard Rosecrance and Arthur Stein, eds., *The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy* (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), p. 5. Enver Hoxha, *The Artful Albanian: The Memoirs of Enver Hoxha,* ed. by Jon Halliday (London: Chatto and Windus, 1986), pp. 147–151. Nikita Khrushchev, *Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev*, ed. by Sergei Khrushchev, trans. by George Shriver (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006). Rosecrance and Stein, eds., *The Domestic Bases of Grand Strategy,* p. 5. [back to top](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top) **Book--Volume** Mario Toscano, *Pagine di storia diplomatica contemporanea,* Vol. 2 (Milano: Giuffre, 1963), pp. 289–358. Owen Chadwick, *The Penguin History of the Church,* Vol. 7, *The Christian Church in the Cold War* (London: Penguin, 1993), p. 95 **Book--Part of Series** Robert K. Yin, *Case Study Research: Design and Methods,* Vol. 5 of Applied Social Research Methods Series (Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1989). **Contribution to Book** Richard Ned Lebow, “The Long Peace, the End of the Cold War, and the Failure of Realism,” in Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds., *International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War* (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), pp. 143–163. Cabinet Room transcript, 16 October 1962, 6:30 p.m., in May and Zelikow, eds., *Kennedy Tapes,* pp. 82–83. Harry Eckstein, “Case Study and Theory in Political Science,” in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson Polsby, eds., *Handbook of Political Science,* Vol. 7 of *Strategies of Inquiry* (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 79–137. **Document in Book with Identified Editor, subsequent mention** “Prilozhenie k Resheniyu Politburo TsK VKP (b),” 28 January 1942, in Kynin and Laufer, eds., *SSSR i Germanskii vopros,* Vol. 1, Doc. 18. **Document in Book without Identified Editor, subsequent mention** “Lichnoe i Sekretnoe Poslanie ot Prem’era I. V. Stalina Prem’er-Ministru g-nu U. Cherchillyu,” 9 August 1943, Doc. 170, in *Perepiska,* Vol. 1. [back to top ](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top) **CD-ROM** *Bulgariya v’v Varshavskiya Dogovor* (Bulgaria in the Warsaw Pact), CD-ROM (Sofia: Izdatelska Kushcha BM, 2000). **Journal Article** Fareed Zakaria, “Realism and Domestic Politics: A Review Essay,” *International Security,* Vol. 17, No. 1 (Summer 1992), pp. 103–115. Zakaria, “Realism and Domestic Politics,” p. 105. Michael Desch, “Progress or Degeneration? The Return to Culture in National Security Studies,” *International Security,* forthcoming. **Newspaper Article** S. Kovalev, “I.V. Stalin o rechi U. Cherchillya: Otvet korrespondentu ‘Pravdy,’” *Pravda* (Moscow), 14 March 1946, p. 1. **Television Program Episode--on Videotape or DVD** “A Taste of Armageddon,” *Star Trek,* videotape, directed by Joseph Pevney (1967; Hollywood, CA: Paramount Studios, 1990). “A Taste of Armageddon.” **Working or Occasional Papers** Hope Harrison, “Ulbricht and the Concrete ‘Rose’: New Archival Evidence on the Dynamics of Soviet-East German Relations and the Berlin Crisis, 1958–1961,” CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, Cold War International History Project, Washington, DC, May 1993. **Thesis or Dissertation** James D. Fearon, “Threats to Use Force: Costly Signals and Bargaining in International Crises,” Ph.D. Diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1992, ch. 3. [back to top](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top) **Other Unpublished Papers** Phillip E. Tetlock, “Theory-Driven Reasoning about Possible Pasts and Probable Futures in World Politics: Are We Prisoners of Our Preconceptions?” Ohio State University, n.d. Svante Cornell, “Autonomy in the South Caucasus: A Catalyst of Conflict?” (paper presented at the fifth annual convention of the Association for the Study of Nationalities, New York, NY, April 2000). Daniel L. Watson, “‘A Europe Worthy of Mindszenty’: Catholic ‘Martyrs and Heroes’ in American and West European Cold War Culture” (paper presented at the “Cold War Culture: Film, Fact, and Fiction” conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 18–21 February 1999), pp. 3–4. **Interview or Personal CommunicationPublished Document** Andrei Aleksandrov-Agentov, interview, Moscow, 11 October 1992. Robert Hultslander to Piero Gleijeses, Facsimile, 22 December 1998, p. 3, in the author’s possession. **Published Document** National Security Council (NSC) Staff Study, Annex to NSC 5608, “U.S. Policy Toward the Satellites in Eastern Europe,” 6 July 1956, in U.S. Department of State, *Foreign Relations of the United States*, 1955–1957, Vol. XXV, p. 199 (hereinafter referred to as *FRUS,* with appropriate year and volume numbers). “Attachment from Rusk to Maxwell Taylor and McGeorge Bundy and Robert Bell,” 29 October 1961, in *FRUS,* 1961–1963, Vol. VIII, p. 191. **Legislative Proceedings** *Parliamentary Debates,* 5th ser., Vol. 509 (1952), pp. 35–39. [back to top](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top) **Archival Material** \[Note: style updated to conform with CMS 15 (Jan. 06)—cd\] The most important thing is consistency in the style of citation throughout the article, rather than a need to adhere rigidly to any particular format in every article. As long as the same format is used throughout the article, the precise nature of the format can vary slightly from article to article “Zapis’ besedy s ministrom inostrannykh del ChSR V. Shirokii ot 22 dekabrya 1952 g.,” Cable No. 1284 (Top Secret), 26 December 1952, by Soviet ambassador A. V. Bogomolov to Soviet foreign minister A. Ya. Vyshinskii, Listy (Ll.) 7–9, Delo (D.) 988, Opis’ (Op.) 22, Fond (F.) 5, Rossiiskii Tsentr Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Noveishei Istorii (RGANI). “V Tsentral’nyi Komitet Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza” (Secret), 19 January 1953, from V. Ignat’ev to V.G. Grigor’yan, Ll. 47–55, D. 988, Op. 22, F. 5, RGANI. “Memorandum of Discussion at the 135th Meeting of the National Security Council, Washington,” 5 March 1953, NSC Series, Ann Whitman File, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library (DDE Library – DDEL is also acceptable). Dwight D. Eisenhower to Winston Churchill, 8 May 1953, p. 2, Box 16, International File, Ann Whitman File, DDE Library (or DDEL). Jimmy Carter to Pope John Paul II (Draft), n.d., Mtgs.—SCC 261: 1/28/80 Folder, Box 32, Zbigniew Brzezinski Collection (ZBC), Jimmy Carter Library (JCL). Report by the Joint Strategic Planning Survey Committee, 24 October 1950, in *Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Part II, 1946–53* (RJCS), the Middle East, reel 1, frame 114, University Publications of America (UPA) microfilm, 1979. 298th NSC Meeting, 27 September 1956, Doc. 382C, Declassified Documents Reference System (DDRS), 1980. “Telephone call to Mr. Martin, Tuesday, October 16, 1962, 2:39 p.m.,” October 1962 File, Rusk Telephone Log, General Office Files, Dean Rusk Personal Papers, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia. Outgoing Message, EXTERNAL OTT to PERMISNY/WASH DC, No. XL-106, “Cuban Position on the Crisis” (Confidential), 25 October 1962, pt. 10, File 2444-40, Vol. 4184, RG 25, National Archives of Canada (NAC), Ottawa. Risquet to Fidel Castro, 23 April 1976, pp. 2, 6, Archives of the Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party, Havana (hereinafter cited as ACC). “Discussion with Delegates to the World Health Assembly—Peter G. Bourne, M.D., Geneva, Switzerland, May 1977: Angola,” Box 41, Staff Offices: Special Assistant to President, Jimmy Carter Library (JCL), Atlanta, GA. “Meeting of Somali Ambassador Addou with President Carter,” Memorandum for the Record, 16 June 1977, Box 1, Horn, Staff Material, NSA, Brzezinski Collection, JCL. Memorandum by Paul Henze to Brzezinski, 1 March 1978, p. 1, Box 1, Horn, Staff Material, NSA, Brzezinski Collection, JCL. “Re: U.S. Policy to El Salvador,” Memorandum by Zbigniew Brzezinski to Jimmy Carter, 29 January 1980, Meetings—SCC 274: 2/15/80 Folder, Box 32, ZBC, JCL. “Response, Presidential Review Memorandum-36: Soviet—Cuban Presence in Africa,” 18 August 1978, p. 15, National Security Archive, Washington DC (hereinafter referred to as NSArchive). **Abbreviations:** Declassified Documents Reference System (DDRS) Dwight D. Eisenhower Library (DDE Library or DDEL) George C. Marshal Library (GCML) Harry S. Truman Library (HSTL) Jimmy Carter Library (JCL) John F. Kennedy Library (JFKL) Library of Congress (LC) Lyndon Baines Johnson Library (LBJL) National Archives and Records Administration \[U.S.\] (NARA) National Security Archive (hereinafter referred to as NSArchive) National Archives of Australia (NAA) The National Archives of the United Kingdom (UKNA or TNA) **Material quoted in another source** Leeper to Foreign Office, 5 June 1945, 371/48271 R9722, Foreign Office Files (FO), Public Record Office, London (hereinafter PRO): quoted in John O. Iatrides, ed., *Ambassador MacVeagh Reports: Greece, 1933–1947* (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp. 680–681. \[Note addition of “quoted,” 7/3/05 to conform w/CMS15 17.274\] [back to top](http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/styleguide.htm#top)